I(x, y) = I_{0} e^{−((x−x_{0})^{2}+(y−y_{0})^{2})/2σ^{2}}

K^{2} = ∑_{i} (data_{i} − model_{i})^{2}

V (t) = 1.0 e^{−((t−t_{0})^{2}/2(0.4255)^{2})}